Lesson 7: Xenocrypt Morphology Part III
CLASSICAL CRYPTOGRAPHY COURSE
BY LANAKI
February 4, 1996
Revision 0
COPYRIGHT 1996
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
LECTURE 7
XENOCRYPT MORPHOLOGY
Part III
SUMMARY
In Lecture 7, we conclude our review of materials related to
ciphers created in languages other than English. Lecture 7
will give practical language data for Xenocrypts commonly
published in the Cryptogram - French, Italian, Spanish,
Portuguese.
Also, we have time for a short review and more homework
problems to solve. Lets start with French.
FRENCH - The language of lovers
FRENCH DATA [ Based on 55,758 letters of text in FRE2]
Absolute Frequencies
A 4,480 G 624 L 2,737 Q 616 V 801
B 406 H 276 M 1,617 R 4,117 W 6
C 1,944 I 4,230 N 4,406 S 4,564 X 317
D 2,198 J 184 O 3,255 T 4,057 Y 100
E 9,334 K 25 P 1,689 U 3,054 Z 84
F 646 ======
55,758
Monographic Kappa Plain, French Language = 0.0777, I.C.= 2.02
Relative Frequencies, based on 55,758 letters of French plain
text referenced in FRE2 reduced to 1000 letters:
E 167 T 73 C 35 G 11 J 3
S 82 O 58 P 30 Q 11 Y 2
A 80 U 55 M 29 B 7 Z 2
N 79 L 49 V 14 X 6 K 1
I 76 D 39 F 12 H 5 W -
R 74 =======
1,000
Groups
Vowels: A, E, I, O, U, Y = 43.8%
High-Frequency Consonants: N, R, S, T = 30.7% ; with L =34.0%
Medium-Frequency Consonants: C, D, L, M, P = 18.3%
Low-Frequency Consonants:B,F,G,H,J,K,Q,V,W,X,Z = 7.2 %
8 most frequent letters (E, S, A, N, I, R, T, and O) = 68.9%
(descending order)
Note that group frequencies between German and French are
statistically similar.
Initials ( based on 10,748 letters of French plain text, One
letter words have been omitted.)
D 1,445 L 784 I 315 U 240 H 67
P 929 S 664 F 313 O 177 Z 7
E 894 Q 394 T 305 G 146 K 5
A 866 R 389 N 278 B 115 W 3
C 816 M 337 V 263 J 98 Y 3
======
9,853
Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 55,758
letters of French plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
A 2 6 20 12 4 6 11 50 1 36 12
B 4 4 4 12
C 15 6 47 11 20 5
D 18 1 109 1 20 1 1
E 30 4 49 48 30 15 14 3 13 5 56 58
F 10 2 1 9 6 8 1
G 6 16 1 2 3 1
H 6 6 4
I 9 3 12 10 41 4 4 1 27 8
J 4 6
K
L 57 1 5 95 1 1 23 26
M 22 9 1 1 52 23 13
N 19 1 29 40 54 9 11 1 20 1 3 2
O 5 7 3 1 1 2 1 21 1 10 21
P 30 1 1 13 2 3 11
Q 1
R 62 2 10 13 127 2 6 24 1 16 11
S 42 2 16 32 75 5 2 1 36 2 15 8
T 40 1 7 22 78 4 1 2 67 11 12 4
U 12 3 10 5 39 14 3 1 24 3 13 6
V 9 24 16
W
X 4 3 3 3 1 1 1
Y 2 2
Z 3 1
Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 55,758
letters of French plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A 68 1 21 3 41 17 46 29 13 2 1
B 4 5 2 1 2
C 48 4 1 8 8
D 10 1 6 2 26
E 105 4 38 12 89 154 58 27 17 8 3
F 8 1 10 1 1
G 7 6 8 4 2
H 3 1 4
I 49 51 5 12 27 52 47 9 7 1
J 5 2
K 1
L 3 10 1 5 4 12 1
M 8 9 1 4
N 10 19 6 4 3 53 99 4 7 1
O 109 7 23 13 8 52 2 2
P 35 9 34 1 6 4
Q 54
R 8 27 5 3 7 14 19 6 7 1
S 6 22 24 11 8 41 33 24 4 1
T 4 14 11 7 44 23 10 11 2
U 26 1 8 1 48 26 19 1 8 13 1
V 16 5 2
W
X 1 4 1 1 2 3 1
Y 1 2
Z 1
Digraphic Kappa plain, French = 0.0093, I.C. = 6.29
87 Digraphs comprising 75% of French plain text based on 5,000
digraphs arranged according to relative frequencies.
ES- 154 RA- 62 AI- 50 SS- 41 EA- 30 UI- 24 OM- 21
RE- 127 a)==== EC- 49 ND- 40 EE- 30 SP- 24 NI- 20
ON- 109 ET- 58 IN- 49 b)==== NC- 29 SU- 24 DI- 20
DE- 109 EM- 58 ED- 48 TA- 40 AU- 29 RI- 24 CI- 20
EN- 105 LA- 57 CO- 48 UE- 39 IR- 27 VE- 24 AC- 20
NT- 99 EL- 56 UR- 48 EP- 38 EU- 27 TS- 23 UT- 19
LE- 95 QU- 54 CE- 47 AL- 36 IL- 27 MI- 23 NO- 19
ER- 89 NE- 54 IT- 47 SI- 36 RO- 27 LI- 23 RT- 19
TE- 78 NS- 53 AT- 46 PO- 35 OR- 27 SO- 22 NA- 19
SE- 75 ME- 52 TR- 44 PR- 34 DU- 26 MA- 22 DA- 18
AN- 68 IS- 52 SA- 42 ST- 33 LL- 26 TD- 22 AS- 17
TI- 67 OU- 52 IE- 41 SD- 32 US- 26 AP- 21 EV- 17
IO- 51 AR- 41 PA- 30 UN- 26 OI- 21 =====
3,751
a) 13 digraphs (1,237 total count, above this line represent
25% of French plain
b) 39 digraphs (2,515 total count, above this line represent
50% of French plain
Frequent Digraph Reversals (based on table of 5,000 digraphs)
ES- 154 SE- 75 LE- 95 EL- 56 RA- 62 AR- 41 IS- 52
RE- 127 ER- 89 TE- 78 ET- 58 EM- 58 ME- 52 EC- 49
DE- 109 ED- 48 TI- 67 IT- 47 LA- 57 AL- 36 AT- 46
EN- 105 NE- 54 SI- 36 CE- 47 TA- 40
Rare Digraph Reversals (based on previous 5,000 digraphs)
NT- 99 TN- 4 QU- 54 UQ- 1 NS- 57 SN-6 OU- 52 UO-1
Doublets (based on previous 5,000 digraphs)
SS- 41 LL- 26 NN- 10 PP- 9 CC- 6 AA- 2 GG - 1
EE- 30 MM- 13 TT- 10 RR- 7 FF- 6 DD- 1 UU - 1
Initial Digraphs 22 digraphs occurring 100 or more times based
on 10,748 French plain text words, according to absolute
frequencies:
DE- 501 RE- 283 PI- 222 SU- 168 AU- 150 DI- 124 SO- 117
CO- 394 PA- 268 IN- 178 CE- 163 NO- 133 AL- 122 VO- 112
QU- 347 LE- 240 SE- 178 ET- 153 TR- 127 UN- 122 FR- 101
PR- 291
Trigraphs (top 97 based on 55,758 letters of French text)
ENT- 588 CON- 271 EST- 188 ESS- 151 NSE- 130 EUR- 115
ION- 555 ERE- 267 ERA- 185 AIT- 147 REN- 127 NTA- 115
TIO- 433 ANT- 238 ECO- 184 POU- 146 SQU- 124 SER- 115
ONS- 373 ESE- 230 ESD- 179 TER- 146 AIR- 123 ESO- 112
RES- 367 ELA- 227 OND- 175 COM- 143 EPA- 120 DEC- 110
QUE- 338 LLE- 216 LEM- 175 ESP- 139 QUI- 120 EPR- 110
DES- 313 PAR- 213 NCE- 173 OUS- 139 SET- 120 ALL- 109
EDE- 305 NDE- 211 ELE- 172 AIS- 137 REC- 119 ECE- 109
EME- 288 SDE- 210 ESA- 163 EMA- 137 AND- 118 UNE- 108
ATI- 287 DEL- 209 TDE- 163 IER- 136 ETA- 118 RAI- 106
LES- 284 PRE- 206 ITE- 162 NTS- 135 SEN- 118 RLE- 106
NTE- 282 OUR- 205 SSE- 160 TES- 135 PRO- 117 SSI- 106
TRE- 280 RAN- 196 ONT- 157 EQU- 133 ISE- 116 ENE- 105
MEN- 272 IRE- 191 ANC- 153 IQU- 131 REP- 116 SUR- 105
TRA- 105 TEN- 103 BLE- 101 ETE- 100 TAT- 100
ISS- 104 UEL- 102 QUA- 101 ERE- 100
INT- 103 ANS- 101 CES- 101 OMM- 100
Initial Trigraphs (The 20 trigraphs appearing 50 or more times
as initials of words in 10,748 French words):
CON- 213 COM- 129 FRA- 93 INT- 75 ETA- 69 SER- 61
POU- 144 PRO- 105 PAR- 87 CEN- 72 DAN- 68 TRA- 57
PRE- 135 ALL- 104 QUA- 80 NOU- 69 RED- 65 RES- 56
VOU- 56 FAI- 50
Tetragraphs (82 top tetragraphs based on 55,758 letters of
French plain text)
TION-431 CONS- 98 LEME-83 ERAL-71 EREN-58 RESS-55
MENT-251 EPAR- 98 QUEL-83 ERES-70 ESSE-58 IERE-53
ATIO-220 RESE- 96 LEMA-80 DANS-67 NOUS-58 IRES-53
IONS-208 ENTE- 95 PORT-80 OUVE-67 TRES-58 TEDE-53
EMEN-200 LLEM- 93 ENTS-78 EMAN-66 ENER-57 EQUE-52
POUR-136 FRAN- 91 EPRE-77 SENT-66 NDES-57 NDEL-52
IQUE-128 PRES- 91 EDES-76 ANDE-63 NSEI-57 ECOM-51
IOND-124 ENTA- 90 ESET-76 PART-62 NTDE-57 GENE-51
DELA-120 RANC- 90 INTE-75 SDES-62 CAIS-56 SEIL-51
AIRE-117 ANCE- 89 ALLE-75 ESEN-61 ESTI-56 ELES-50
ONDE-107 SION- 89 ANTE-75 RAIT-61 ITIO-55 ETAT-50
ECON-102 COMM- 88 MAND-75 ENTD-60 NEMA-55 ILLE-50
ESDE-102 ELLE- 84 CENT-74 SSIO-60 NERA-55 SQUE-50
ONSE-101 NTER- 84 QUES-72 ENCE-59
Look at the above groups. Realize how many apply to English.
Such words as economy, business, energy, genes, firmament, etc.
Average French Word Length = 5.2 letters
One-letter words: A (86%) Y(6%) O(2%)
Two-letter words: DE LA LE ET UN EN NE AU IL DU JE ON SI SE OU
SA MA ME CE VA
Three-letter words: LES QUE DES QUI EST PAS UNE AUX PAR DIT ONT
LUI PEU SON SUR CES CET MOT MON VIE BON CAR ILS PUR AMI VIE
Four-letter words: AVEC AVEZ BIEN CEUS COUP DANS DEUX DOIS DOIT
DONT DOUX FAIT FAUT LEUR LUNE MAIS MOIS NOUS PEUT PLUS POUR
QUEL SAIT SONT TOUS TRES TROP VOUS
Common Pattern Words - Three and Four letters: ETE ICI NON SES
TOT D'UN J'AI L'AI L'ON L'OR L'OS M'EN S'EN S'IL; CECI MEME
SAIS SANS SOUS SUIS TOUT ELLE MERE PERE IDEE C'EST D'UNE N'EST
QU'IL QU 'ON N'ONT
Common Initials with apostrophes: C' D' J' L' N'
Peculiarities: In three letter words, U is proceeded by Q and
followed by E or I (QUE, QUI) Four or five vowels may be found
in sequence. E seldom touches another vowel. D and M contact
E about 75% of the time. Four consonants in a row is the most,
we usually find ; where five consonants are found sequentially
the last is an S of a plural word.
AMCRAS has rearranged the French Frequency Table to:
18 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 5 4 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1--
E A N R S I T U O L D C M P V B F G H JQZXY
Letters have many of the same characteristics as English, with
vowels contacting more freely. When LE LA DE etc precede a
word beginning with a vowel, the vowel is dropped; an
apostrophe is substituted. (C'est for Ce est). This is a big
help in finding vowels.
The apostrophe is not used for possession.
Nouns can be of any gender. Adjectives take the same gender as
their noun.
A, as a one-letter word, has two meanings. Not accented, it is
a verb, has. Accented (not in ciphers) is the preposition ,to.
Ne, pas. The usual way to express negation, is to put ne
before the verb, pas, after it. N'est pas means not.
When the masculine form, le or its plural les, is preceded by a
A, (to) or de (from), and is followed by a word beginning with
a consonant, a le is contracted to au (au pere, to the father);
a les, to aux; de le, to du; de les to des.
Some Short Words:
Y, there Ces, these Ceci, this Ce, cet,cette,this
Au, to the Est, is Cela, that Le,la,les the
De, of, from Lui,to him Dans, in Un,una,a,an,one
En, in, by Mon,my Elle,she Par, through,by
Et, and Non,no Fait, does Aller, go
Il, he it Oui,yes Leur, them Dire, say,tell
Je, I Peu,few Mais,but Donne, give
Me, me Que, that Nous,we Faire,make,do
On, people Qui, who Plus,more Lire, read
Ou, or where Son, his Pour, for Mourir, die
Se, himself Sur, on Tout, all Penser, think
Si, if Tot, soon Vous, you Respondre, answer
from [XEN1]
SOLUTION OF FRENCH ARISTOCRAT
FRE-1 [FIDDLE]
1 2 3 4 5
F' U O N Y O L M' Y M N Y Z Z I L W Y X Y Z U C L Y
6 7 8 9 10
O H W B I C R L U C M I H H Y Y N G Y N B I X C K O Y
11 12 13 14 15 16
X Y M G I N M F Y M J F O M O M C N Y M, F Y M
17 18 19 20 21
J F O M H Y W Y M M U C L Y M U F U W I H P Y L M U -
22 23 24 25
N C I H Y N U F U W I L L Y M J I H X U H W Y.
Set up the normal and cipher text alphabets as a cross check on
each other.
18 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 5 4 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1--
E A N R S I T U O L D C M P V B F G H JQZXY
normal
21 16 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1
Y M U I H L N C F O W J X Z B G K P R
cipher
The letters in the Normal table should be over or close to
their cipher equivalents, if the message is reasonably normal
wording.
Take the gimmes. The 1 letter word U=a (has,to) and the
repeated U F U should be a la (to the), so F=l. Y is the
highest frequency and most likely an E. M is most likely an
S from position and frequency. So FYM = les (the). XYM, es
may be either des or ces with X=d or c. Using the pattern
table above, word 2 should be s'est.
Words 3 and 8 give us another vowel because YZZI and IHHY
I is a vowel , probably U or O but not I. remember that Y=e
and I in word 8 follows an S. (maybe) Word 21 implies an
ending of t-o- which could be -tion ( a very popular ending
according to reference FRE2. So we may have H=n and C=i as
well as I=O. Let us look at our guesses in the xenocrypt.
FRE-1 [FIDDLE]
1 2 3 4 5
F' U O N Y O L M' Y M N Y Z Z I L W Y X Y Z U C L Y
l ' a t e s ' e s t e o e d e a i e
himself is of
6 7 8 9 10
O H W B I C R L U C M I H H Y Y N G Y N B I X C K O Y
n n i a i s u n n e e t e t o d i e
o and u c
11 12 13 14 15 16
X Y M G I N M F Y M J F O M O M C N Y M, F Y M
d e s u t s l e s l s s i t e s l e s
of the the the
17 18 19 20 21
J F O M H Y W Y M M U C L Y M U F U W I H P Y L M U -
l s n e e s s a i e s a l a o n e s a
to the u
22 23 24 25
N C I H Y N U F U W I L L Y M J I H X U H W Y.
t i o n e t a l a o e s o n d a n e
u and to the u u
where:
18 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 5 4 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1--
E A N R S I T U O L D C M P V B F G H JQZXY
Y U H M C N I F X normal
21 16 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1
Y M U I H L N C F O W J X Z B G K P R
e s a o n t i l d
u c cipher
Word 6 demands O to be a vowel; as a e i o are already
identified, O=u, for un (a,one). Word 14 and 17 are common
in French. It is plus (more). The first word is auteu
(author.) So L=r in terms of frequency. Word 8 is raisonne
(reasonably, rational). The word necessaires (necessary) also
becomes visible. The last word is correspondence (same in
English). P=v because we pick up on conversation in Word 21.
Z B G R are not identified. A run down of the remanding letters
or use of a dictionary gives us Word 5 as faire, (to make) and
Word 3 as efforce (force). Word 12 becomes mots (words) and
Word 7 = choix (choice).
The final solution is:
l'auteur s'est efforce de faire un choix raisonne methodique
des mots les plus usites, les plus necessaires a la
conversation et a la correspondence.
"An author forces himself to make a reasonable and methodical
choice of words most used, most necessary to conversation and
correspondence.
KERCKHOFF
Kerckhoff (aka Jean-Guillaume-Hubert-Victor-Francois-Alexandre-
Auguste Kerckhoffs von Nieuwenhof, Holland) was not French but
Flemish. His influence was cryptographically significant for
selecting usable field ciphers. Kerckhoff was first to
separate the general system from the specific key. He told us
about superimposition to solve polyalphabetic systems. He told
us about the symmetry of position to glean more plain text from
the cipher text. He invented the St-Cyr slide and named it
after the French national military academy where he studied.
"La Cryptographie militaire" gave the French a commanding lead
in cryptography in World War I. He was the impetus for those
that followed. [KERC] , [KAHN]
FRENCH INFLUENCES - VALERIO, de VIARIS, DELASTELLE, BAZERIES
Letter Frequencies for French, German, English, Russian,
Spanish, and Italian (page 9) given by General Givierge in his
Course In Cryptography [GIVI] differ from those presented in
[FRE2]. Friedman's work is more authoritative and based on
significantly more modern plain text. General Givierge
borrowed from Paul Louis Eugene Valerio, a captain of Artillery
who wrote in the Journal des Sciences militaires in 1892.
Valerio published a book called "De la cryptographie"
in 1895. The General also borrowed from de Viaris (aka Marquis
Gaetan Henri Leon Viarizio di Lesegno) who is famous for one of
the first printing cipher devices, in 1874. The General may
have included the work of Felix Marie Delastelle, who wrote
Traite Elementaire de Cryptographie in 1902. Delastelle's most
famous cipher is the bifid and will be covered at a later
lecture. Delastelle expanded Kerkhoff's symmetry of position
principles published in "La Cryptographie militarie" in 1883.
Lastly, Etienne Bazeries influence the General quite heavily.
Bazeries invented cylinder device for polyalphabetic
encipherment. de Viaris solved the Bazeries cylinder in 1893.
Bazeries was miffed to say the least. His device was accepted
for use by the U.S. Army in 1922 as a field cipher device.
[USAA], [BOWE], [DELA], [BAZE], [VIAR], [VIA1], [LEAU],
[VALE]
The French have brought us some talented Cryptographers.
[KAHN] tells us about the famous Rossignol and his English
counterpart. Problem FRE-4 is taken from reference [GIVI],
General Marcel Givierge classic "Cours De Cryptographie."
The reader can find many French cryptogram problems in it.
ROSSIGNOL
Rossignol served with swashbuckling facility in the Court of
Louis XIV. His cryptographic successes gave him access to
secrets of state and the court. The poet Boisrobert (who
originated the idea of 'Academie Francaise') wrote the first
poem ever written to a cryptologist entitled "Epistres en
Vers." He was the court cryptologist of France in the time
when Moliere was her dramatist, Pascal her philosopher, La
Fontaine her fabulist and the supreme autocrat of the world her
monarch. They were influenced accordingly. [MAVE], [MAGN]
Rossignol's technical improvements to the nomenclator systems
of the time were quite important. When Rossignol began his
career, nomenclators were one-part, listing both the plain and
the code elements in alphabetical order or numerical order if
the code was numerical. Plain and code paralleled each other.
This arrangement existed since the beginning of the
Renaissance. Rossignol destroyed the parallel arrangements and
mixed the code elements relative to the plain. Two lists were
required, one in which the plain elements were in alphabetical
order and the code elements were randomized. The second
facilitated decoding in which the code elements were
alphabetized and the plain equivalents were disarranged. The
two tables were called 'tables a chiffrer' and 'tables a
dechiffrer'. The two part codes are similar to a bilingual
dictionary. The two part construction spread rapidly to
others countries and the nomenclator systems grew in numbers
and size.
His son Bonaventure, and his grandson Antoine-Bonadventure
both carried on the tradition started by their father. Both
were raised from King's counselor to president of the Chamber
of Accounts. The Cabinet Noir, founded under Louvois, Frances
Minister of War, at the urging of Antoine Rossignol, took extra
ordinary precautions (switching systems, introducing 18 new
nomenclator series) was the start of Frances ironclad control
over the cipher business. It still has a tight access policy
today. [PERR], [BROG]
Actually it was a good policy. The Vienna Black Chamber -the
Geheime Kabinets - Kanzlei regularly read French ciphers up to
the cabinet level. [VAIL], [STIX]
WALLIS
England had its Black Chamber. John Wallis was Rossignol's
contemporary. He was first a mathematician, giving us the germ
of the binomial theorem, the symbol and concept of infinity, a
calculation of pi by interpolation and the beginnings of
calculus for Newton to do his thing with. John Wallis'
solution of Louis XIV of France letter of 9 June 1693 put in
the record books.
Their careers parallel each other. They were almost
contemporaries, Rossignol was 16 years older. Both made their
start on civil war ciphers in their twenties. Both had a
mathematical bent. Both were self-taught. Both lived into
their eighties. Both owed their worldly success to
cryptanalysis. Both became their countries' Fathers of
Cryptology in both the literal and figurative sense. But they
were different too. Rossignol worked at court while Wallis
worked at Oxford. Rossignol introduced new systems for the
French and supervised their use. Wallis apparently prescribed
only one English cipher and that was done
informally. [SMIH]
It is unlikely that these cryptologic experts ever clashed
cryptologically despite the contentious natures of both
countries. [WALL] , [NIC6]
ITALIAN - the language like music
ITALIAN DATA [ Based on 57,906 letters of text in FRE2]
Absolute Frequencies
A 6,771 G 1,168 L 3,592 Q 227 V 1,024
B 527 H 493 M 1,441 R 4,037 W 13
C 2,367 I 6,568 N 4.094 S 2,967 X 9
D 2,258 J 18 O 5,022 T 4,139 Y 14
E 6,784 K 28 P 1,616 U 1,547 Z 527
F 655 ======
57,906
Monographic Kappa Plain, Italian Language = 0.0745, I.C.= 1.94
Relative Frequencies, based on 57,906 letters of Italian plain
text referenced in FRE2 reduced to 1000 letters:
E 117 R 70 P 28 F 11 K -
A 117 L 62 U 27 B 11 J -
I 113 S 51 M 25 Z 9 Y -
O 87 C 41 G 20 H 9 W -
T 72 D 39 V 18 Q 4 X -
N 71 =======
1,000
Groups
Vowels: A, E, I, O, U, Y = 46.1%
High-Frequency Consonants: L, N, R, T = 27.4%
Medium-Frequency Consonants: C, D, G, M, P, S = 22.2%
Low-Frequency Consonants:B,F,H,J,K,Q,W,X,Z = 4.3 %
8 most frequent letters (E, A, I, O, T, N, R and L) = 70.8%
(descending order)
Note again that similarities of group frequencies for German,
French, English and Italian are statistically significant.
Initials ( based on 10,481 letters of Italian plain text, One
letter words have been omitted.)
D 1,381 L 500 T 337 U 217 J 13
C 1,041 R 403 G 333 Q 172 W 9
S 885 N 396 F 298 B 153 K 6
P 830 E 374 V 263 H 69 Y 3
A 822 M 371 O 235 Z 29 X 2
I 685 ======
10,481
Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 57,847
letters of Italian plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
A 18 9 39 41 14 12 22 1 19 76 24
B 10 7 7 10 1
C 32 10 20 33 33 2
D 31 1 65 64
E 23 7 31 53 15 8 22 2 25 66 18
F 9 11 7 11 1
G 9 11 8 2 20 17
H 6 27 9
I 66 8 52 30 31 11 11 2 11 35 31
J
K
L 62 3 8 6 49 2 7 56 52 4
M 31 5 35 17 4
N 32 1 15 26 51 6 11 1 37 3 1
O 17 4 22 27 10 5 10 1 20 45 24
P 23 30 14 2
Q
R 64 1 8 8 71 1 7 63 4 13
S 20 15 1 32 2 45 2 3
T 83 1 65 1 59 1
U 12 2 4 3 15 1 3 10 6 3
V 26 23 23
W
X
Y
Z 13 4 20
Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 57,847
letters of Italian plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A 78 5 24 4 57 36 63 6 24 12
B 4 4 2
C 64 1 5 6
D 23 2 9
E 73 6 22 4 96 62 27 6 17 4
F 10 6 3
G 8 9 11 6
H
I 62 44 20 3 20 48 45 15 16 7
J 1
K
L 2 21 5 1 3 6 15 7 3
M 18 13 2
N 10 50 4 5 2 11 66 8 4 11
O 86 4 25 2 55 40 14 3 18 2
P 28 11 23 7
Q 20
R 9 45 2 12 9 16 10 3 3
S 25 9 31 58 12 1
T 1 56 43 1 37 10
U 24 8 6 9 11 150 1
V 10 2 2 2
W
X
Y
Z 3 5
Digraphic Kappa plain, Italian = 0.0081, I.C. = 5.48
89 Digraphs comprising 75% of Italian plain text based on 5,000
digraphs arranged according to relative frequencies.
ER- 96 RI- 63 LL- 52 AC- 38 MA- 31 HE- 25 VE- 23
ON- 86 IA- 63 IC- 51 TT- 37 SS- 31 OP- 25 OC- 22
TA- 78 LA- 62 NE- 50 b)==== DA- 31 AM- 24 AG- 22
AN- 78 IN- 62 NO- 50 NI- 37 EC- 30 UN- 24 EG- 22
AL- 76 a)==== LE- 49 ME- 35 PE- 30 EI- 24 EP- 22
EN- 73 RA- 62 IS- 48 AS- 35 ID- 30 AV- 24 LO- 21
RE- 71 ES- 61 IT- 45 IL- 35 IE- 30 OM- 24 IP- 20
NT- 66 TI- 59 OL- 45 CH- 33 PO- 28 PA- 23 ZI- 20
DE- 65 ST- 58 RO- 45 CI- 33 OD- 27 DO- 23 SA- 20
TE- 65 AR- 57 SI- 44 RA- 32 ET- 27 VI- 23 CE- 20
EL- 65 TO- 56 IO- 43 SE- 32 VA- 26 AP- 23 QU- 20
DI- 64 LI- 56 TR- 43 CA- 32 ND- 26 PR- 23 GI- 20
CO- 64 OR- 55 OS- 40 IM- 31 SO- 25 EA- 23 =======
AT- 63 ED- 52 AD- 39 3,762
a) 18 digraphs (1,260 total count, above this line represent
25% of Italian plain
b) 43 digraphs (2,495 total count, above this line represent
50% of Italian plain
Frequent Digraph Reversals (based on table of 5,000 digraphs)
ER- 96 RE- 71 EL- 66 LE- 49 LI- 56 IL- 35
ON- 86 NO- 50 DE- 65 ED- 53 OR- 55 RO- 45
TA- 83 AT- 63 RA- 64 AR- 57 IC- 52 CI- 33
AN- 78 NA- 32 IN- 62 NI- 37 IS- 48 SI- 45
AL- 76 LA- 62 ES- 62 SE- 32 AD- 41 DA- 31
EN- 73 NE- 51 TI- 59 IT- 45 AC- 39 CA- 32
Rare Digraph Reversals (based on previous 5,000 digraphs)
NT- 66 TN- 1 ST- 58 TS- 1 CH- 33 HC-0
Doublets (based on previous 5,000 digraphs)
LL- 52 AA- 18 II- 11 NN- 10 FF- 7 MM- 4 VV - 2
TT- 37 EE- 15 PP- 11 GG- 8 ZZ- 5 OO- 4 DD - 1
SS- 31 RR- 12 CC- 10 BB- 7
Initial Digraphs (26 digraphs occurring 100 or more times based
on 10,481 Italian plain text words, according to absolute
frequencies:)
CO- 543 PE- 210 PR- 184 NO- 154 SE- 121 MA- 112 RE- 108
DE- 505 CH- 197 QU- 172 PA- 153 SO- 121 UN- 111 ES- 107
ST- 222 AL- 186 NE- 169 PO- 141 TR- 121 SU- 109 TE- 103
DI- 215 IN- 185 RI- 162 CA- 132 DA- 120
Trigraphs (top 90 based on 57,906 letters of Italian text)
DEL- 348 STA- 215 ERE- 169 ICA- 145 SSI- 130 ODI- 114
ENT- 348 ALI- 213 ZIO- 166 RAN- 145 NEL- 127 ORI- 114
ELL- 314 EDI- 212 ATO- 165 STR- 145 ACO- 125 RMA- 114
CON- 306 ALL- 201 NTI- 165 ALE- 144 ATI- 125 AME- 113
CHE- 276 ITA- 198 ANT- 163 IDI- 143 IDE- 123 ETT- 113
LLA- 274 ANO- 197 ERA- 163 COM- 139 ADI- 121 ODE- 113
ION- 265 OST- 196 TRA- 160 ECO- 137 AND- 121 PRE- 112
ONE- 247 ERI- 187 ESS- 158 LLE- 137 TEN- 120 NDO- 110
PER- 238 ARE- 186 ATT- 157 ONT- 136 ONO- 119 ONI- 110
EDE- 228 TAL- 184 NTO- 156 TER- 136 ARI- 117 AZI- 109
NTE- 227 LIA- 180 ADE- 155 TAT- 134 NTR- 117 ENE- 109
ICO- 216 IST- 174 EST- 151 TTA- 132 PAR- 116 ELA- 107
MEN- 216 CLI- 171 RES- 146 ATA- 130 TRO- 116 ERO- 107
ESI- 107
COR- 106
IAN- 106
TAN- 105
ATE- 104
NON- 103
VER- 103
ICA- 101
OLA- 101
STI- 101
OCO- 100
RIA- 100
Initial Trigraphs (The 19 trigraphs appearing 50 or more times
as initials of words in 10,481 Italian words):
DEL- 217 STA- 106 QUA- 83 PRE- 62 DAL- 57 PER- 55
CON- 195 ALL- 100 PRO- 75 NEL- 57 ANC- 56 RUS- 55
COM- 137 ITA- 94 QUE- 74
GRA- 53 STO- 51
Tetragraphs (57 top tetragraphs based on 57,906 letters of
Italian plain text)
DELL-209 ALIA- 99 ICON-74 AGLI-66 LIAN-59 OPER-56
MENT-188 CONT- 93 VANO-74 ICHE-66 TORI-59 RUSS-56
IONE-160 ADEL- 92 ECON-73 IDEL-64 ALLE-58 TATO-55
ELLA-150 OSTR- 88 IONI-71 ELLE-63 ANDO-58 TEDE-55
ZION-147 ENTO- 87 STAT-70 NELL-63 DALL-58 OCON-54
TALI-125 AMEN- 83 STRA-70 IMEN-61 NTRO-58 SION-53
AZIO-106 ALLA- 81 GLIA-69 ANTI-60 OCHE-58 TANT-53
EDEL-106 ENZA- 75 ISTA-68 ATTA-60 ANTE-57 STOP-52
ITAL-106 ONTR- 75 ODEL-68 PART-60 EPER-57 NOST-51
ENTE-105 ENTI- 74 ACON-66
Average Italian word length = 5.2 letters
One-letter words: E (56%) A (22%) I (14%) O (8%)
Two-letter words: DI LA UN IL SI LE DA MA IN AL VI SE HA NE
HO LO AD ED VA IO
Three-letter words: CHE UNA PER CON DEL PIU GLI NEL DEI MIA SIA
DUE ERA MIO MAI CHI;
Four-letter words: BUON COME COSA COSI DICE DIRE DOVE ERAN FARE
GREAN OGNI PERO QUEL VITA
Common Pattern Words - Three and Four letters: NON ; ALLA ANNI
ANO BENE ESSA ESSE MODO POCO SONO UOMO VEDE
Common Initials with apostrophes: D' I' L' S'
Common words with apostrophes: C'E CH' GL' OR' PO' EN' DOV'
VID' ALL' TIEN' DOV'E BUON' DELL' NELL'
Peculiarities: Vowels constitute about half of the language
letters. Highest contacts are with L N R T. H is preceded
by C or G. Q is followed by U and another vowel. See [XENO]
for additional rules. [SACC] gives data on consonant
sequences.
Consonant doubling is frequent: L T S C R G P N B M Z F V I D
Finals in order: O E A I; Rare R L D N
[SACC] gives us the following common consonant three letter
sequences: STR NTR LTR TTR NDR SCR NGL NFL NGR SPL NCH RCH SCH
MPR PPR FFR BBL MBR CCH
R S L may be found in any one of these groups, rarely H.
Common prepositions: A CON DA DI IN PER SU
The Italian Frequency Table rearranged:
18 12 11 9 7 6 6 6 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 -
E A I O L N R T S C D M P U V G Z F B H Q
SOLUTION OF ITALIAN ARISTOCRAT
ITA -1. MON NOM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
YT GNLYJO *LSISVAS, KN JH TST JY MHOLYKEY IOY JHSY
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
GYBYY, JH AYTYLOY OI HRRYIYLN VSLS, ESUN HTS KEZYOGS
20 21 22 23 24
EZN HRRYIYKEN YV KHS QOILSTN.
Listing the short words:
YT KN JH-2 JY OI YV TST IOY EZN KHS HTS
Take a frequency count of finals:
Y-7 N-6 S-5 H-2 T-2 O I V -1
Since highest frequency finals are usually vowels, Y N S and H
may be vowels and word 6 TST could be NON. If this assumption
is correct then word 18 is UNO. Further YT = in and YY =ii in
word 11. Word YV = il.
Substituting our guesses:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
YT GNLYJO *LSISVAS, KN JH TST JY MHOLYKEY IOY JHSY
in eri ro ol o se u non i u ris i i uoi
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
GYBYY, JH AYTYLOY OI HRRYIYLN VSLS, ESUN HTS KEZYOGS
i ii u inir i u i ire loro co e uno s hi o
20 21 22 23 24
EZN HRRYIYKEN YV KHS QOILSTN.
che u i is e il suo rone
Word 17 L=r for loro.
The initals are S or P. Word 23 is Suo or or Puo. But word 4
would be Se or Sa but not pe or pa. Try K=s. We should look
for CHE (that) and the likely candidate is EZN.
Substituting again in above we have four additional words.
OI and IOY suggest ad and dal. By frequency J=t.
The solution reads: In verita Rodolfo, se tu non ti guaristi
dai tuoi vizii, tu finirai ad ubbidire loro, come uno schiavo
che ubbidisce il suo padrone.
GENERAL LUIGI SACCO
One of Italy's most brilliant cryptographers, his manual gives
detailed solutions of various transposition, monoalphabetic and
polyalphabetic systems. His appendix details the equations
used for such interesting problems as de Viaris polyalphabetic
substitution, Kerckhoff's ciphers and the Hill algebraic
problem. [SACC] [The reading is difficult and a little
disorganized but the digging is rewarding. ]
SPANISH - The language of passion. [SPAN]
SPANISH DATA [ Based on 60,115 letters of text in [FRE2] and
[SPAN]
Absolute Frequencies
A 6,681 G 823 L 2,174 Q 346 V 602
B 799 H 367 M 1,740 R 4,628 W 36
C 3,137 I 4,920 N 4,823 S 4,140 X 127
D 2,687 J 190 O 5,859 T 3,180 Y 413
E 7,801 K 22 P 1,785 U 2,172 Z 182
F 481 ======
60,115
Monographic Kappa Plain, Spanish Language = 0.0747, I.C.= 1.94
Relative Frequencies, based on 60,115 letters of Spanish plain
text referenced in [FRE2] and [SPAN] reduced to 1000 letters:
E 130 S 69 U 36 V 10 J 3
A 111 T 53 P 30 F 8 Z 3
O 97 C 52 M 29 Y 7 X 2
I 82 D 45 G 14 H 6 W 1
N 80 L 36 B 13 Q 6 K -
R 77 =======
1,000
Groups
Vowels: A, E, I, O, U, Y = 46.3%
High-Frequency Consonants: N, R, S = 22.6%
Medium-Frequency Consonants: C, D, L, M, P, T = 24.5%
Low-Frequency Consonants:B,F,G,H,J,K,Q,V,W,X,Z = 6.6 %
7 most frequent letters (E, A, O, I, N, R, S) = 64.6%
(descending order)
Note that group frequencies between German and Spanish are
statistically similar.
Initials ( based on 10,129 letters of Spanish plain text, One
letter words have been omitted.)
P 1,128 L 435 Q 286 V 183 Y 27
C 1,081 R 425 I 281 F 177 W 19
D 1,012 M 403 H 230 O 169 Z 2
E 989 N 346 U 219 B 124 K 1
S 789 T 298 G 206 J 47 X
A 761 ======
10,129
Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 60,115
letters of Spanish plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
A 12 14 54 64 15 5 8 4 10 8 41 30
B 11 5 14 1 12
C 39 5 17 8 80 3
D 32 1 2 84 1 30
E 20 5 47 26 17 8 21 6 9 3 44 26
F 2 9 12 1
G 12 12 5 1
H 15 3 5
I 43 8 42 29 40 5 8 1 14 16
J 4 5
K 1
L 44 5 5 35 1 3 28 9 5
M 32 10 42 30
N 41 2 33 37 41 10 6 2 28 1 5 4
O 19 17 28 26 16 6 5 5 4 1 22 33
P 30 1 16 5 8
Q
R 74 1 12 10 94 1 12 45 1 1 6 15
S 32 2 18 15 57 3 2 4 41 1 5 7
T 60 1 67 35
U 13 6 11 5 52 1 3 9 9 6
V 12 1 15 15
W 1 1
X 1 4
Y 5 1 3 2 5 1 1 1 1
Z 6 1 1
Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 60,115
letters of Spanish plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A 64 4 24 5 81 62 18 9 9 11 4
B 5 12 2 1 3
C 69 6 13 18
D 1 59 2 1 3 1 6 1
E 126 5 23 4 94 119 17 5 10 1 8 2 3
F 7 4 5
G 2 15 11 1 11
H 6 1
I 50 67 4 1 16 27 24 1 8 5
J 3 3
K
L 1 17 5 1 2 4 5 5 3 1
M 15 10 6
N 3 43 10 2 4 21 91 12 6 1 1
O 104 4 29 7 58 73 12 3 5 2 9 1
P 31 34 1 3 19
Q 29
R 11 43 7 3 10 10 15 9 6 1 1
S 5 22 26 4 6 10 57 23 2 4
T 56 34 11
U 34 1 3 9 10 4 1 2
V 7
W 1
X 3 2
Y 1 5 2 1 1 3 1 1
Z 3 2
Digraphic Kappa plain, Spanish = 0.0091, I.C. = 6.15
87 Digraphs comprising 75% of Spanish plain text based on 5,000
digraphs arranged according to relative frequencies.
EN- 126 TE- 67 IN- 50 NA- 41 MA- 32 IS- 27 EA- 20
ES- 119 AN- 64 EC- 47 IE- 40 SA- 32 EM- 26 OA- 19
ON- 104 a)==== RI- 45 b)==== PO- 31 SP- 26 PU- 19
ER- 94 AD- 64 EL- 44 CA- 39 MI- 30 ED- 26 SC- 18
RE- 94 AS- 62 LA- 44 ND- 37 PA- 30 OD- 26 AT- 18
NT- 91 TA- 60 RO- 43 TI- 35 AD- 30 AP- 24 CU- 18
DE- 84 DO- 59 NO- 43 LE- 35 DI- 30 IT- 24 EE- 17
AR- 81 OR- 58 IA- 43 TR- 34 ID- 29 EP- 23 OB- 17
CI- 80 SE- 57 IC- 42 UN- 34 QU- 29 SU- 23 CE- 17
RA- 74 ST- 57 ME- 42 PR- 34 OP- 29 SO- 22 ET- 17
OS- 73 TO- 56 AL- 41 OM- 33 LI- 28 OL- 22 LO- 17
CO- 69 AC- 54 SI- 41 NC- 33 NI- 28 NS- 21
IO- 67 UE- 52 NE- 41 DA- 32 OC- 28 EG- 22 =====
3,753
a) 15 digraphs (1,287 total count, above this line represent
25% of Spanish plain
b) 40 digraphs (2,513 total count, above this line represent
50% of Spanish plain
Frequent Digraph Reversals (based on table of 5,000 digraphs)
EN- 126 NE- 41 AR- 81 RA- 74 AS- 62 SA- 32 LA- 44
ES- 119 SE- 57 CI- 80 IC- 42 OR- 58 RO- 43 EL- 44
ON- 104 NO- 43 AN- 64 NA- 41 AC- 54 CA- 39 MA- 32
ER- 94 RE- 94 AD- 64 DA- 32 AL- 41 LE- 35 AM- 30
Rare Digraph Reversals (based on previous 5,000 digraphs)
NT- 91 TN- 0 ST- 57 TS- 0 ND- 37 DN-1 NC- 33 CN-0
IO- 67 OI- 4
Doublets (based on previous 5,000 digraphs)
EE- 17 AA- 12 RR- 10 SS- 10 LL- 9 CC- 5 OO - 4
NN- 3 DD- 2
Initial Digraphs 21 digraphs occurring 100 or more times based
on 10,129 Spanish plain text words, according to absolute
frequencies:
CO- 684 PR- 307 PA- 263 SE- 189 CA- 151 PE- 111 MA- 101
RE- 335 ES- 286 PO- 247 DI- 175 SI- 137 UN- 109 CU- 100
DE- 323 QU- 286 IN- 235 PU- 157 MI- 117 HA- 108 SO- 100
Trigraphs (top 105 based on 60,115 letters of Spanish text)
ENT- 596 ARA- 229 POR- 176 OSE- 147 ERO- 131 NDE- 121
ION- 564 ONE- 227 TER- 174 ONS- 144 ONT- 131 RAN- 121
CIO- 502 ESE- 202 ODE- 168 REC- 144 ANA- 130 STE- 119
NTE- 429 ADE- 293 ERE- 166 ORE- 143 ARE- 129 REN- 118
CON- 415 PAR- 190 ERA- 165 OCO- 142 UNT- 127 ARI- 117
EST- 355 CIA- 190 TRA- 165 EDE- 141 ANO- 127 TEN- 116
RES- 335 ENC- 188 AME- 165 ICI- 140 TAR- 126 OND- 115
ADO- 307 NCI- 184 ERI- 163 END- 139 ANT- 126 RIA- 115
QUE- 294 PRE- 183 MER- 162 SEN- 139 ESA- 126 ECI- 114
ACI- 277 DEL- 183 ELA- 159 TAD- 138 IER- 125 IST- 113
NTO- 270 NDO- 183 PRO- 158 ECO- 135 ADA- 125 ONA- 113
IEM- 267 NES- 183 ACO- 155 STR- 134 DEN- 124 DAD- 112
COM- 246 DOS- 182 ENE- 153 TOS- 133 AND- 123 INT- 112
ICA- 242 MEN- 181 UES- 151 IDA- 132 DES- 121 NTR- 112
STA- 240 NTA- 176 ESP- 149 SDE- 132 IDO- 121 ESI- 111
PER- 111
ASE- 109
CAN- 109
UNI- 108
OSI- 107
GEN- 105
NCO- 105
RIO- 105
ERN- 104
OMI- 104
SCO- 104
TES- 103
BIE- 101
NTI- 100
TOR- 100
Tetragraphs (86 top tetragraphs based on 60,115 letters of
Spanish plain text)
CION- 444 CONS- 104 ERNO- 79 AMER- 72 FORM- 62 EEST- 55
ACIO- 252 CONT- 99 IERN- 78 IEND- 72 SENT- 62 SCON- 55
ENTE- 233 PUNT- 95 OQUE- 78 IDAD- 71 ICIO- 61 SIDE- 55
ESTA- 174 ANDO- 91 IONA- 77 ENDO- 70 ONTR- 60 CIEN- 54
IONE- 159 TADO- 91 UEST- 77 ERIC- 70 SION- 60 NFOR- 54
MENT- 150 ACON- 90 BIER- 76 NTOS- 70 CCIO- 59 OPOR- 54
ONES- 146 ANTE- 89 ICAN- 76 MIEN- 69 GENT- 58 RESP- 54
IENT- 141 NTER- 85 RESE- 76 IOND- 67 COMA- 57 ARIO- 53
ENTO- 137 INTE- 84 GOBI- 75 MERI- 67 ESDE- 57 ESTR- 53
ENCI- 128 NTES- 82 OBIE- 75 NTRA- 67 ORES- 57 ARGE- 51
PARA- 117 ADOS 81 ECON- 74 DELA- 65 RECI- 57 ECTO- 51
ENTA- 115 AMEN- 81 RGEN- 73 ENTI- 64 AQUE- 56 PART- 51
NCIA- 115 OCON- 81 RICA- 73 NTIN- 64 IONP- 56 POSI- 51
PRES- 111 ESEN- 80 STAD- 73 COMI- 63 QUES- 56 EPRE- 50
UNTO- 111 ONDE- 80
Look at the above groups. Realize how many apply to English.
Such words as economy, business, energy, genes, firmament, etc.
Initial Trigraphs (The 19 trigraphs appearing 50 or more times
as initials of words in 10,129 Spanish words):
CON- 298 PAR- 154 PUN- 93 INT- 72 UNI- 55 CUA- 52
COM- 218 PRO- 139 PER- 80 RES- 72 DES- 53 TRA- 52
EST- 194 PRE- 114 GOB- 66 NUE- 66 INF- 53 REP- 51
ARG- 50
Average Spanish Word Length = 5.9 letters
One-letter words: Y(63%) A(32%) O(4%) N(1%) E
Two-letter words: DE LA EL EN ES UN NO SE SU LO LA HA MI ME AL
YO
Three-letter words: QUE LOS UNA POR DEL CON LAS MAS SON SER UNO
SIN HAY MIS SUS ESE
Initials: C P A S M E D T H V R U N I L B O F Q G
Finals: O A S E N R B D L I Z
Rearranged Frequency:
13 13 9 8 7 7 7 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - -
E A O S R N I D L C T U M P G Y B Q V H F Z J X CH LL RR N^
The Spanish alphabet consists of 24 letters (sans K W rare)
plus four distinct ones: n^ (counted as n) ch, ll, rr. These
four additional are alphabetized as single letter consonants.
My keyboard does not have the appropriate symbol the tilde to
put over the n so I have used the hat symbol.
Peculiarities:
The apostrophe is not used.
The question and exclamation marks appear at the end of the
sentence, and are inverted at the beginning.
Q is followed by UE or UI.
The article the and pronouns he, she, it, they, are expressed
by: el=the, he; la=the, she; lo=the, it; los =the, they;las
=the, they (fem).
Some Short Words:
A. at, to, on, by, in, up,as, if, for, like, with of
E. and
O. or, repeated
U. before o or ho
Y. and
Ni. nor
Mas. but, yet, more, over
Como. How
Un, una. an, one.
Este, estos, estas, esta. this, these
Yo, I; mi=me; mia=my, mine
Usted. you
La, elle. she, the
Su. possesive pronoun
Ese,esa,eso. who
Quien. who, whom
Cual. which
Estar. to be
haber. to have
SOLVING SPANISH CRYPTOGRAMS
A good place to initially attack a Spanish cryptogram is
through short words that appear in the cryptogram, especially
single-letter and double letter words. A single letter word
will usually be A or Y with a rare O. Look at the frequencies.
Move on to the two and three letter words and cross reference
the plain text with the cipher text alphabet. Reference [SPAN]
has many practice cryptograms with hints. And now for our last
foray with Xenocrypts we look at Portuguese.
PORTUGUESE One of the world's toughest languages. [PORT]
PORTUGUESE DATA [ Based on 45,106 letters of text in FRE2]
Absolute Frequencies
A 5,362 G 724 L 1,245 Q 348 V 737
B 470 H 304 M 1,699 R 3,292 W 24
C 2,285 I 3,314 N 2,912 S 3,409 X 166
D 1,900 J 160 O 5,001 T 2,679 Y 22
E 5,441 K 17 P 1,377 U 1,491 Z 207
F 520 ======
45,106
Monographic Kappa Plain, Portuguese Language = 0.0746, I.C.=
1.940
Relative Frequencies, based on 45,106 letters of Portuguese
plain text referenced in FRE2 reduced to 1000 letters:
E 121 N 65 U 33 F 11 X 4
A 119 T 59 P 30 B 10 J 3
O 111 C 51 L 28 Q 8 W 1
S 76 D 42 V 16 H 7 Y -
I 73 M 38 G 16 Z 5 K -
R 73 =======
1,000
Groups
Vowels: A, E, I, O, U, Y = 45.8%
High-Frequency Consonants: N, R, S, =21.3%
Medium-Frequency Consonants: C, D, L, M, P, T= 24.8%
Low-Frequency Consonants:B,F,G,H,J,K,Q,V,W,X,Y,Z = 8.1 %
8 most frequent letters (E, A, O, S, I, R, N, and T) = 69.7%
(descending order)
Note that group frequencies between French, Spanish, Italian
and Portuguese are statistically similar.
Initials ( based on 7,058 letters of Portuguese plain text, One
letter words have been omitted.)
P 847 M 405 I 264 B 113 Z 14
C 731 T 348 F 222 G 111 W 11
E 608 R 316 Q 222 J 92 K 7
S 601 N 299 O 187 U 77 Y 4
A 597 V 271 L 143 H 60 X 2
D 506 ======
7,058
Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 45,106
letters of Portuguese plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
A 11 11 52 60 15 9 14 2 18 2 38 36
B 11 1 10 5 2 1
C 60 2 30 4 39 5
D 45 61 33 1
E 15 5 48 22 11 11 23 1 27 6 1 31 44
F 9 14 13 1
G 15 14 4 1
H 10 8 3
I 42 3 34 31 6 7 9 1 16 22
J 7 2
K
L 24 1 4 4 24 1 5 9 21 2 4
M 41 10 3 4 51 1 26 1 1 2
N 31 29 35 14 7 8 12 18
O 21 9 32 25 27 10 7 3 20 4 20 36
P 26 2 25 2 4
Q 1
R 75 2 14 9 86 3 7 1 46 1 2 18
S 41 6 22 10 62 6 3 2 23 2 3 12
T 65 1 1 69 1 26
U 22 5 5 7 26 1 4 18 1 14 11
V 11 37 23
W 1
X 10 3 1 2
Y
Z 7 1 9 2 1
Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 45,106
letters of Portuguese plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A 56 49 23 8 68 72 22 8 16 1 5
B 9 9 2 1 2
C 1 85 7 8 12
D 61 2 1 1 5
E 97 6 18 6 76 95 20 7 12 1 15 5
F 15 2 3
G 1 14 14 15
H 11 1
I 53 26 5 2 25 39 27 2 10 2 7
J 2 7
K
L 2 14 4 2 1 4 7 6 2
M 1 16 15 1 3 5 2 6 2
N 25 1 19 114 4 4 1
O 79 5 35 8 71 85 18 12 22 1 1 1 1
P 1 60 1 1 28 1 1 3
Q 37
R 8 34 7 3 11 8 18 4 6 1
S 5 23 35 7 4 40 47 18 5
T 1 88 33 1 13
U 17 2 4 7 9 6 11 1 2
V 9 1
W
X 3 1
Y
Z 1 1 1
Digraphic Kappa plain, Portuguese = 0.0084, I.C. = 5.68
91 Digraphs comprising 75% of Portuguese plain text based on
5,000 digraphs arranged according to relative frequencies.
NT- 114 TA-65 ST- 47 AM- 36 CE- 30 OD- 25 AT- 22
EN- 97 a)==== RI- 46 b)==== NC- 29 NO- 25 UA- 22
ES- 95 SE-62 DA- 45 ND- 35 PR- 28 LA- 24 GA- 21
TO- 88 DO-61 EM- 44 OP- 35 IT- 27 LE- 24 LI- 21
RE- 86 DE-61 IA- 42 SP 35 OE- 27 AP- 23 OL- 20
CO- 85 AD-60 MA- 41 RO- 34 EI- 27 EG- 23 ET- 20
OS- 85 PO-60 SA- 41 IC- 34 UE- 26 VI- 23 OI- 20
ON- 79 CA-60 SS- 40 TR- 33 MI- 26 SO- 23 NS- 19
ER- 76 AN-56 CI- 39 DI- 33 IO- 26 SI- 23 SU- 18
RA- 75 IN-53 IS- 39 OC- 32 PA- 26 OV- 22 RT- 18
AS- 72 AC-52 AL- 38 EL- 31 TI- 26 SC- 22 EP- 18
OR- 71 ME-51 VE- 37 ID- 31 PE- 25 IM- 22 UI- 18
TE- 69 AO-49 QU- 37 NA- 31 IR- 25 ED- 22 =====
AR- 68 EC-48 OM- 36 3,755
a) 15 digraphs (1,224 total count, above this line represent
25% of Portuguese plain
b) 42 digraphs (2,505 total count, above this line represent
50% of Portuguese plain
Frequent Digraph Reversals (based on table of 5,000 digraphs)
ES- 95 SE- 62 OR- 71 RO- 34 ME- 51 EM- 44
RE- 86 ER- 76 CA- 60 AC- 48 EC- 48 CE- 40
CO- 85 OC- 32 AD- 60 DA- 41 MA- 41 AM- 36
RA- 75 AR- 58 PO- 60 OP- 39 CI- 39 IC- 34
AS- 72 SA- 41 AN- 56 NA- 33 DI- 33 ID- 31
Rare Digraph Reversals (based on previous 5,000 digraphs)
NT- 114 TN- 1 ST- 47 TS- 0 ND- 35 DN-0
Doublets (based on previous 5,000 digraphs)
SS- 40 EE- 11 OO- 5 LL- 2 II- 1 PP- 1 TT - 1
AA- 11 RR- 11 CC- 2 MM- 2
Initial Digraphs 20 digraphs occurring 100 or more times based
on 6,803 Portuguese plain text words, according to absolute
frequencies:
CO- 464 RE- 276 IN- 188 PA- 143 MA- 130 ME- 111 TR- 103
PO- 386 DE- 259 ES- 173 NA- 133 PE- 122 MI- 105 DI- 102
SE- 333 QU- 220 PR- 169 TE- 132 VE- 115 NO- 104
Trigraphs (top 59 based on 45,106 letters of Portuguese text)
ENT- 474 TOS- 191 ERE- 150 IDA- 133 OSE- 126 ECE- 115
NTO- 457 EST- 186 CIA- 145 TER- 132 ARE- 125 NCI- 114
ONT- 303 ACA- 182 ADE- 143 OPO- 130 ESE- 124 REC- 113
NTE- 284 PES- 181 STA- 143 SPO- 130 OVE- 124 PAR- 112
CON- 255 QUE- 172 ICA- 142 ADA- 129 SSA- 124 ESS- 110
PON- 236 NTA- 167 OCO- 140 TRA- 129 DES- 123 DAD- 109
CAO- 227 POR- 159 ARA- 136 NDO- 127 ECO- 121 ORE- 108
ADO- 211 ACO- 158 DOS- 134 ENC- 126 ODE- 118 EDI- 107
MEN- 205 COM- 154 OES- 134
ASE- 105
ITO- 104
ELE- 103
ERI- 103
PRO- 102
AME- 101
OSS- 101
IME- 100
Initial Trigraphs (The 19 trigraphs appearing 50 or more times
as initials of words in 6,803 Portuguese words):
CON- 224 QUE- 109 PRO- 93 QUA- 83 TRA- 66 VEX- 53
PON- 213 EST- 105 POR- 88 DES- 71 MIL- 61 IND- 52
COM- 136 PAR- 93 NAO- 86 SER- 70 REF- 56 RES- 52
REC- 51
Tetragraphs (38 top tetragraphs based on 45,106 letters of
Portuguese plain text)
ONTO-233 ENTA- 97 AMEN-81 CONT-58 CONS-58 RENT-52
PONT-221 NCIA- 95 PARA-81 FORM-57 NTES-58 TELE-52
MENT-183 PORT- 87 COES-73 OCON-66 ANDO-57 EGRA-51
ENTO-173 DADE- 86 IDAD-71 ELEG-61 ANTE-57 NFOR-51
ENTE-147 ESTA- 85 CENT-70 ADOS-60 ORMA-54 OPON-51
ACAO-142 ENCI- 83 INTE-70 IMEN-60 VEXA-54 LEGR-50
NTOS-141 SPON- 83
Look at the above groups. Realize how many apply to English.
Such words as economy, business, energy, genes, firmament, etc.
Average Portuguese Word Length = 6.48 letters
One-letter words: A O E D'
Two-letter words: DE UM AS SE DO OS EM NA NO
Three-letter words: QUE NAO UMA COM POR TAO MAS MEU DAS ERA LHE
NEM NOS SER SIM SUA; ELE
Four-letter words: AZUL DIAS DUAS ESTA MAIS MEUS NOME PODE QUEM
TRES VIDA; SEUS SUAS COMO PARA TODO
Common Pattern Words - Three and Four letters:
Normal frequency rearranged:
14 13 12 8 8 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 - -
A E O R S I N D M T U C L P Q V F G H B J Z X
from [XENO]
Peculiarities:
The Portuguese language uses the standard Roman alphabet, but
the letters K W Y are used in foreign words. Like Spanish,
however the cion becomes cal, the ll goes to lh. Articles drop
the inital l; the Spanish las and los become as and os in
Portuguese.
Plurals end in -s; such as -es,-is, -oes, and -aes are common.
Adjectives carry the plural along with the noun they modify.
SOLUTION OF PORTUGUESE ARISTOCRAT
POR-1. (156) Flying very high. BARKER
1 2 3
P J G J R B P H G Y R G J I C W Q G B G B G A
3 4 5 6 7
U Y C G B C W Y X C B G W G P I C I P D J
8 9 10
Y G R C Q D R C J G I C B D Z G
11 12 13 14
W P H J R D R Y D G Y A G X B P Z G I G
15 16 17 18
Z C B J G R D Q D I G I C I G H G Z C C
19 20 21 22 23
A G D J Y A X G J J P X G B G G
24 25 26 27
W P H J R B Y W G P H P C J X G W P I C
28 29 30
Y A G C J R G W G P X C B A G H C H R C.
Set up the cross reference alphabets:
31 18 14 12 11 10 9 8 8 8 7 6 6 4 3 1 0
G C J P B R I Y W D H A X Z Q U EFKLMNOSTV
-Cipher
14 12 12 8 8 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 0
A E O R S I N D M T U C L P Q V F GHBJ ZX
-Normal
I made an assumption that the tip might refer to astronaut
or astronomy. Let G= a, J=s, C=e. On my worksheet I draw
lines between the normal and cipher alphabets to show
relationships between letters.
1 2 3
s a a a s e a a a
P J G J R B P H G Y R G J I C W Q G B G B G A
3 4 5 6 7
e a e e a a e s
U Y C G B C W Y X C B G W G P I C I P D J
8 9 10
a e e s a e a
Y G R C Q D R C J G I C B D Z G
11 12 13 14
s a a a a
W P H J R D R Y D G Y A G X B P Z G I G
15 16 17 18
e s a a e a a e e
Z C B J G R D Q D I G I C I G H G Z C C
19 20 21 22 23
a s a s s a a a
A G D J Y A X G J J P X G B G G
24 25 26 27
s a e s a e
W P H J R B Y W G P H P C J X G W P I C
28 29 30
a e s a a e a e e
Y A G C J R G W G P X C B A G H C H R C.
Word two falls in line with my assumption = astronautas and
word 1 could be PJ= os. Word 30 might be permanente.
Other words appear uma, para, passo, espaco. Filling in the
blanks we have the following:
1 2 3
o s a s t r o n a u t a s d e c l a r a r a m
P J G J R B P H G Y R G J I C W Q G B G B G A
3 4 5 6 7
q u e a r e c u p e r a c a o d e d o i s
U Y C G B C W Y X C B G W G P I C I P D J
8 9 10
s a t e l i t e s a d e r i v a
Y G R C Q D R C J G I C B D Z G
11 12 13 14
c o n s t i t u i a u m a p r o v a d a
W P H J R D R Y D G Y A G X B P Z G I G
15 16 17 18
v e r s a t i l i d a d e d a n a v e e
Z C B J G R D Q D I G I C I G H G Z C C
19 20 21 22 23
m a i s u m p a s s o p a r a a
A G D J Y A X G J J P X G B G G
24 25 26 27
c o n s t r u c a o n o e s p a c o d e
W P H J R B Y W G P H P C J X G W P I C
28 29 30
u m a e s t a c a o p e r m a n e n t e
Y A G C J R G W G P X C B A G H C H R C.
Note the -cao endings
REVIEW OF LECTURES 1-7
We have studied the simple substitution case in detail. We
have focused on the similarities between languages - especially
the group frequencies. We have attempted to show a cultural
universality for cryptography and the learning of languages.
We have presented procedures to cryptanalyze most single
alphabet substitution systems, including the more difficult
variants. We have searched for historical significance as we
proceeded in our cryptographic tour.
WHAT'S NEXT?
Two guest lecturers NORTH DECODER and ESSAYONS will present
materials on the Hill Cipher, and ENIGMA 95. I shall open up
the polyalphabetic substitution case. Remember, that the trick
in solving a polyalphabetic substitution cipher is its
reduction to simpler terms, i.e. reduction to a series of one
or more mon-alphabetic sub-systems. The concept of periodicity
will be introduced. I will cross the lines and introduce
transposition ciphers. The most famous Playfair that saved a
U. S. Presidents life will be detailed. The resource section
will be improved again by about 100 solid references.
OTHER STUFF
By the way, our class as of this writing is 109! Four others
have requested access. I thank you all for your confidence and
support. Those who wish to present a special cipher or to have
your guest lecture included in this course need to contact me
soon, so that I can schedule them. If you want to construct a
few problems (based any material covered) for presentation in
the final "book", go for it. E-mail/snail mail them to me with
complete solutions and sources. Again thank you for your trust
and interest.
HOMEWORK FROM LECTURE 6
FRE-2. K2. (105) Another species. {sauvage,fp=ST] MELODE
P Q N X B M H Q I Q A B C I Q D K E X Q B Q O Q
P' W M R R Q; D K E X Q B Q O Q U Q I Q E Q Q M C
T E X R X B X D Q , X P Q A B K P' W M R R Q N Q
V C Q N W K B O Q U M C B B X Q E Q Q A B K C
N W K B A K C D K U Q.
FRE-3. K2. (87) (jamais, A=b) It's fun trying. GUNG HO
D G X Z Q N J D P M C J P U P L S U E' Z D
Z D H U Q J S E J S N P U Q E Z H Z D P M J H -
K N D P: G Z K U D I Q S N U , G Z H S P D L S U,
U Q G U P O Z H U P . * R J I Q U I U G G U
FRE-4. PAT from [GIVI] page 13.and ff. (130)
Solve and recover key(s).
YJXMG XBXUF JGECU JEBZD XAMNM ZDFLG FAFNJ OFNDJ
GVJXE FNNME VRJZJ KAFNB FNZAG NCUJE BNRUX OFNJG
NNXKX FELGF BJRVF NOFUI FXAAF GTFVR FAFKU FNBJE
NADXN VMXUF
ITA-2. K2. (88) ( ne, han, con) Thirty days hath September.
LABRONICUS
I D S A I K Q W P L A I K A L B S C M D S P L A
K E D W Z S, U W O U A L S R S I I S C M D S . Q W
B S A I L I I L P S A ' S O A L. I O I I W U Z W
K Z I D W A S V K A I D S A U I O A L.
ITA-3. K2. (117) (sulla, f=I). La frode necessaria. MICROPOD
G Z Q K E A F S Z L T K F Q A Q S F N F Q K G K Q
T G G Z P Z Q F R A T J Z E F N S Z M T Z J S A S
Z R A P T D A F F Q K G K Z L Z S S K E O F J F Q
Q T J K R A E Z F Q Z S S Z H F J S F M T F G G K
E O F L F J Q Z G A J X T S Z J D.
SPA-1. BARKER
Z K E P C U K Y T C Y D M S R V C T P E R A
Z P Z N D Z K G C T Y R Z K R N T D G R Y C V K
K S T P Q D P E R M K T C Y G R Z Y P Q P M P E K E
E C M K S C Z S K E R G R T C M U R U C Z S R.
SPA-2. K2. (96) (deseo, f=R) Musica. D. STRASSE
T I Z Q B J N A Z K J K T F Z N B P L T B B F
K N A G B N A G K T F P J G T P A O Z F M B F
S J G H N B R T B T I K T N Z G B I Q B
B P K J I Q Z I B J M P B B J N A Q G A O J M B
M Z I Y Z N.
SPA-3. (122) (-ulado, MZ=qk) Flight? LIFER
N S P Y K I X P U A K P Z D X P S P E X K R L K O
K A X T S P Q K D X R K R R S S I N K Y K R L A R
S D K T Q L D L P X K T A S Q X S P X P R S O S P
R X J K R K T O A S T S P Q X L S D O A X I S A E
C S D L R S C P V D L N L B A X O C D K R L.
POR-2. K2 (96) (tenta; gj=NQ) Machine Age? YO TAMBIEN
E P E J T X D U R T C J Z X G C V R J D J
X I N R S O C H C D T C V R P U C D V R J
Z J U D C T J H J D G X U M P C H J A X H X
O X T J T V R J A J U A C M C B J S X.
*O. *T R T M X I H *Q X U J D
POR-3. K1. (nossos va-) Letter to horseman? ZYZZ
U C U C G V C J F D E F W E O C B G C V S I H C L
I T I W F Y C V F U H F W F T L F R F B C H W F C
E S H I L F G I C D E G T I J H C V G R P C V C J
F V D E F W F H C V L F V F H J I S K I X J I Z U
I G V T I V V I V B C D E F G H I V V C I F Y K F
R F T W F V.
SOLUTIONS TO LECTURE 6 PROBLEMS
Thanks to GRAPE JUICE for the straightforward SOLS.
LAT-1 K2. (sallust) Wars and Victors? SCARLET (105/17)
FCDR JRBBQC OQCN TZUNBR, URPRMQC ZRHRMMQCR GRONDRMR.
NDUNKRMR UQNSNO, RPNZC NHDZSF BNURMR, GRKFDN, UQCS NUPFMRO
SRBNDP. *OZBBQOP [cum, bdghj=JGHIE]
Omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere. Incipere
cuivis, etiam ignavo licere, deponi, cum victores velint.
- Sallust
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Z J U G R T H I N E A B C D F K L M O P Q S V W X Y
K2 = JUGRTHINE
After placing the very generous tips, the solution was a simple
matter of filling in the key alphabet. Solution time about 5
minutes.
NOR-1. Cosmology. (verden) (*qwx) NIL VIRONUS (109/22)
IKPNH ERAMC KDAOA GPKMK NNKMK MEKOK MZLAG
GKQPH EVKMM KGKOK GPDAO VFIIK GHKRF DOIFV
FGNCF JPKRK MIKGN FEKGG KNCKP FDYKM PKAGN PKAG.
K2 = FYSIKK LOVA
Det som virkelig interesserer meg er ae inne ut om herren
egentlig hadde noe vagg da han skapte verden sa mennesket.
Albert Einstein
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v y z aa ao ae
F Y S I K L O V A B C D E G H J M N P Q R T U W X Z
Letting e=K, there was only one position for VERDEN. This gave
the interesting pattern ERE??ERE at letter 18. Trying the
pattern ABaCcaba in my Norwegian word list gave the word
INTERESSERER. This in turn gave ERTEINSTEIN at the end of the
gram, which implied Albert Einstein. From that point on the
solution was a matter of filling in the key alphabet. Solution
time about 1 hour.
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[HOFF] Hoffman, Lance J., editor, "Building In Big Brother:
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[HOM1] Homophonic: A Multiple Substitution Number Cipher", S-
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[HOM2] Homophonic: Bilinear Substitution Cipher, Straddling,"
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prejudicial to boot. And, it has one of the better
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with three errors in cipher text, that I have corrected
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[MARS] Marshall, Alan, "Intelligence and Espionage in the Reign
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[ZEND] Callimahos, L. D., Traffic Analysis and the Zendian
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